What Is the Login and Password for Raspberry Pi Updated FREE
What Is the Login and Password for Raspberry Pi
Using Linux
Concluding
The terminal (or 'command-line') on a calculator allows a user a great bargain of control over their system. Users of Windows may already accept come across Command Prompt or Powershell, while mac Bone users may be familiar with Terminal. All of these tools allow a user to direct dispense their organisation through the use of commands. These commands tin can exist chained together and/or combined together into circuitous scripts that can potentially complete tasks more efficiently than much larger traditional software packages.
Opening a Concluding window
On the Raspberry Pi Os, the default concluding awarding is chosen LXTerminal. This is known as a 'last emulator', this means that it emulates the old style video terminals — from before Windowing systems were developed — within a graphical environment. The application can be found on the Raspberry Pi desktop, and when started will look something like this:
In the terminal window you should be able to see the post-obit prompt:
This shows your username and the hostname of the Raspberry Pi. Here the username is pi and the hostname is raspberrypi.
Navigating and browsing your Raspberry Pi
One of the key aspects of using a concluding is being able to navigate your file organization. Go ahead and type ls -la into the Final window, and so striking the RETURN central. You should meet something similar to:
The ls command lists the contents of the directory that you lot are currently in (your nowadays working directory). The -la component of the command is what'southward known as a 'flag'. Flags change the command that's being run. In this example the fifty displays the contents of the directory in a list, showing data such as their sizes and when they were last edited, and the a displays all files, including those beginning with a ., known every bit 'dotfiles'. Dotfiles usually act as configuration files for software and equally they are written in text, they tin exist modified by simply editing them.
In order to navigate to other directories the change directory command, cd, tin be used. You lot tin specify the directory that yous desire to go to by either the 'absolute' or the 'relative' path. And so if you wanted to navigate to the python_games directory, you lot could either practice cd /home/pi/python_games or but cd python_games (if you lot are currently in /dwelling/pi). At that place are some special cases that may be useful: ~ acts equally an alias for your home directory, so ~/python_games is the same as /dwelling house/pi/python_games; . and .. are aliases for the current directory and the parent directory respectively, east.yard. if you were in /dwelling/pi/python_games, cd .. would take yous to /habitation/pi.
History and automobile-consummate
Rather than blazon every command, the terminal allows you to scroll through previous commands that you've run by pressing the upwards or down keys on your keyboard. If you lot are writing the proper name of a file or directory as part of a command then pressing tab volition try to car-complete the proper name of what y'all are typing. For instance, if you have a file in a directory called aLongFileName so pressing tab after typing a will permit you lot to choose from all file and directory names beginning with a in the electric current directory, allowing you to cull aLongFileName.
The sudo command
Some commands that make permanent changes to the country of your system require you to have root privileges to run. The command sudo temporarily gives your business relationship (if y'all're not already logged in as root) the ability to run these commands, provided your user name is in a list of users ('sudoers'). When you suspend sudo to the start of a command and printing enter, the command following sudo will exist run using root privileges. Be very careful: commands requiring root privileges tin can irreparably damage your organisation! Annotation that on some systems you will be prompted to enter your password when you run a command with sudo.
Further information on sudo and the root user can exist plant on the linux root page.
Installing software using apt
You can employ the apt control to install software in Raspberry Pi OS. This is the 'parcel managing director' that is included with any Debian-based Linux distributions, including Raspberry Pi Os. It allows yous to install and manage new software packages on your Raspberry Pi.
In lodge to install a new bundle, you would blazon sudo apt install <package-name>, where <parcel-proper noun> is the bundle that you desire to install.
Running sudo apt update volition update a list of software packages that are available on your system. If a new version of a package is available, then sudo apt full-upgrade volition update any old packages to the new version.
Finally, sudo apt remove <package-name> removes or uninstalls a bundle from your system.
Other useful commands
There are a few other commands that you may find useful, these are listed below:
-
cpmakes a copy of a file and places information technology at the specified location (essentially doing a 'copy-paste'), for example -cp file_a /home/other_user/would re-create the filefile_afrom your home directory to that of the userother_user(assuming you take permission to re-create it there). Annotation that if the target is a binder, the filename will remain the same, but if the target is a filename, it volition give the file the new name. -
mvmoves a file and places it at the specified location (so wherecpperforms a 're-create-paste',mvperforms a 'cut-paste'). The usage is like tocp, and somv file_a /abode/other_user/would move the filefile_afrom your home directory to that of the specified user.mvis also used to rename a file, i.east. move information technology to a new location, east.g.mv hello.txt story.txt. -
rmremoves the specified file (or directory when used with-r). Alert: Files deleted in this style are by and large not restorable. -
mkdir: This makes a new directory, e.g.mkdir new_dirwould create the directorynew_dirin the present working directory. -
catlists the contents of files, east.g.cat some_filevolition display the contents ofsome_file.
Other commands you may find useful tin be found in the commands page.
Finding out about a control
To find out more information virtually a particular control then you tin can run the man followed past the command you want to know more than about (due east.thousand. man ls). The man-folio (or manual page) for that command volition be displayed, including information about the flags for that program and what effect they accept. Some man-pages will give example usage.
The Linux File System
It is important to take a basic understanding of the fundamentals of the Linux file system: where your files are kept, where software is installed, where the danger zones are, so on. For more data, delight refer to the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
Habitation
When you log into a Raspberry Pi and open a terminal window, or yous kicking to the command line instead of the graphical user interface, yous commencement in your home folder; this is located at /home/pi, assuming your username is pi.
This is where the user's ain files are kept. The contents of the user'south desktop is in a directory here chosen Desktop, forth with other files and folders.
To navigate to your home folder on the command line, merely type cd and press Enter. This is the equivalent of typing cd /abode/pi, where pi is your username. You can also employ the tilde key (~), for example cd ~, which tin can be used to relatively link back to your dwelling folder. For instance, cd ~/Desktop/ is the same as cd /home/pi/Desktop.
Navigate to /dwelling/ and run ls, and yous'll see the home folders of each of the users on the system.
Note that if logged in as the root user, typing cd or cd ~ will have y'all to the root user'southward domicile directory; unlike normal users, this is located at /root/ not /home/root/.
Linux Commands
Here are some fundamental and common Linux commands with example usage:
Filesystem
ls
The ls command lists the content of the current directory (or one that is specified). Information technology tin can exist used with the -50 flag to display additional information (permissions, possessor, group, size, date and timestamp of final edit) about each file and directory in a list format. The -a flag allows y'all to view files beginning with . (i.e. dotfiles).
cd
Using cd changes the current directory to the ane specified. You tin use relative (i.e. cd directoryA) or absolute (i.east. cd /home/pi/directoryA) paths.
pwd
The pwd command displays the proper noun of the present working directory: on a Raspberry Pi, entering pwd will output something like /abode/pi.
mkdir
You can use mkdir to create a new directory, e.1000. mkdir newDir would create the directory newDir in the present working directory.
rmdir
To remove empty directories, use rmdir. So, for instance, rmdir oldDir will remove the directory oldDir only if information technology is empty.
rm
The command rm removes the specified file (or recursively from a directory when used with -r). Be careful with this command: files deleted in this style are mostly gone for good!
cp
Using cp makes a copy of a file and places it at the specified location (this is similar to copying and pasting). For case, cp ~/fileA /home/otherUser/ would re-create the file fileA from your home directory to that of the user otherUser (assuming you have permission to re-create it there). This command can either have FILE FILE (cp fileA fileB), FILE DIR (cp fileA /directoryB/) or -r DIR DIR (which recursively copies the contents of directories) equally arguments.
mv
The mv command moves a file and places it at the specified location (then where cp performs a 'copy-paste', mv performs a 'cutting-paste'). The usage is like to cp. And so mv ~/fileA /habitation/otherUser/ would motility the file fileA from your home directory to that of the user otherUser. This command tin can either have FILE FILE (mv fileA fileB), FILE DIR (mv fileA /directoryB/) or DIR DIR (mv /directoryB /directoryC) every bit arguments. This command is also useful as a method to rename files and directories later they've been created.
touch
The command touch sets the last modified time-postage of the specified file(southward) or creates it if it does non already exist.
cat
Y'all can utilize cat to list the contents of file(s), e.k. cat thisFile will brandish the contents of thisFile. Tin be used to list the contents of multiple files, i.due east. cat *.txt will listing the contents of all .txt files in the current directory.
caput
The caput command displays the outset of a file. Can be used with -n to specify the number of lines to show (by default ten), or with -c to specify the number of bytes.
tail
The contrary of head, tail displays the end of a file. The starting indicate in the file can exist specified either through -b for 512 byte blocks, -c for bytes, or -northward for number of lines.
chmod
Y'all would normally utilise chmod to change the permissions for a file. The chmod command can use symbols u (user that owns the file), g (the files group) , and o (other users) and the permissions r (read), westward (write), and x (execute). Using chmod u+10 filename will add execute permission for the owner of the file.
chown
The chown control changes the user and/or group that owns a file. Information technology commonly needs to exist run as root using sudo e.grand. sudo chown pi:root filename will alter the possessor to pi and the group to root.
ssh
ssh denotes the secure crush. Connect to some other estimator using an encrypted network connection. For more than details see SSH (secure beat)
scp
The scp command copies a file from one estimator to another using ssh. For more details see SCP (secure copy)
sudo
The sudo control enables you to run a command as a superuser, or another user. Use sudo -s for a superuser crush. For more than details come across Root user / sudo
dd
The dd control copies a file converting the file as specified. It is ofttimes used to copy an entire disk to a single file or dorsum again. So, for example, dd if=/dev/sdd of=backup.img volition create a backup image from an SD bill of fare or USB disk bulldoze at /dev/sdd. Make sure to use the correct drive when copying an image to the SD card equally it tin can overwrite the entire disk.
df
Use df to display the disk space available and used on the mounted filesystems. Use df -h to encounter the output in a homo-readable format using M for MBs rather than showing number of bytes.
unzip
The unzip command extracts the files from a compressed zip file.
tar
Use tar to store or extract files from a tape annal file. Information technology can besides reduce the space required by compressing the file like to a goose egg file.
To create a compressed file, apply tar -cvzf filename.tar.gz directory/ To extract the contents of a file, utilise tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz
pipes
A pipe allows the output from one command to be used as the input for another command. The pipage symbol is a vertical line |. For example, to only show the first ten entries of the ls command it tin can be piped through the head command ls | caput
tree
Use the tree command to evidence a directory and all subdirectories and files indented equally a tree structure.
&
Run a command in the groundwork with &, freeing up the shell for time to come commands.
wget
Download a file from the web direct to the computer with wget. Then wget https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/rpi4/raspberry-pi-4-datasheet.pdf volition download the Raspberry Pi iv datasheet and save it as raspberry-pi-4-datasheet.pdf.
gyre
Utilize gyre to download or upload a file to/from a server. By default, it will output the file contents of the file to the screen.
human being
Show the manual page for a file with man. To observe out more, run man man to view the manual page of the man control.
Search
grep
Use grep to search within files for certain search patterns. For example, grep "search" *.txt will look in all the files in the current directory ending with .txt for the string search.
The grep command supports regular expressions which allows special letter combinations to be included in the search.
awk
awk is a programming language useful for searching and manipulating text files.
detect
The detect control searches a directory and subdirectories for files matching certain patterns.
whereis
Use whereis to find the location of a command. It looks through standard program locations until it finds the requested control.
Networking
ping
The ping utility is normally used to check if communication can be made with another host. It can be used with default settings by but specifying a hostname (e.g. ping raspberrypi.com) or an IP address (e.chiliad. ping viii.8.8.8). It tin specify the number of packets to send with the -c flag.
nmap
nmap is a network exploration and scanning tool. It can return port and Os data about a host or a range of hosts. Running simply nmap will brandish the options available likewise equally example usage.
hostname
The hostname command displays the electric current hostname of the system. A privileged (super) user can set the hostname to a new i by supplying information technology as an statement (e.one thousand. hostname new-host).
ifconfig
Utilise ifconfig to display the network configuration details for the interfaces on the current organization when run without whatsoever arguments (i.east. ifconfig). By supplying the command with the name of an interface (e.one thousand. eth0 or lo) yous tin and then modify the configuration: check the transmission folio for more details.
Text Editors
On Linux, you have a choice of text editors. Some are easy-to-employ but accept limited functionality; others require training to use and accept a long fourth dimension to master, but offer incredible functionality.
Text Editors on Desktop
Text Editor
When using Raspberry Pi OS with desktop, in the accessories card in that location is an option to run a Text Editor. This is a simple editor which opens in a window like a normal awarding. It allows employ of the mouse and keyboard, and has tabs and syntax highlighting.
Yous can employ keyboard shortcuts, such as Ctrl + S to save a file and Ctrl + 10 to exit.
Thonny
Thonny is a Python REPL and IDE, so y'all tin can write and edit Python code in a window and run it straight from the editor. Thonny has contained windows, and syntax highlighting, and uses Python iii.
Geany
A fast and lightweight IDE, supporting many dissimilar file types, including C/C++ and Python. It is installed by default on Raspberry Pi Bone.
Text Editors in the Terminal
Nano
GNU Nano is at the easy-to-use end of command-line editors. It's installed by default, so use nano somefile.txt to edit a file, and keyboard shortcuts similar Ctrl + O to salvage and Ctrl + X to go out.
Vi
Vi is a very former (c. 1976) control-line editor, which is available on most UNIX systems and is pre-installed on Raspberry Pi Os. Information technology's succeeded by Vim (Vi Improved), which requires installation.
Different virtually editors, Half-dozen and Vim have a number of different modes. When you open Vi with vi somefile.txt, you start in command way which doesn't directly let text entry. Printing i to switch to insert mode in order to edit the file, and blazon away. To save the file y'all must return to command fashion, so printing the Escape cardinal and enter :westward (followed by Enter), which is the command to write the file to disk.
To search for the word 'raspberry' in a file, brand certain y'all're in command mode (press Escape), then type /raspberry followed by due north and N to picture show frontwards/backwards through the results.
To save and exit, enter the command :wq. To exit without saving, enter the command :q!.
Depending on your keyboard configuration, you may observe your cursor keys don't work. In this example, you can employ the H-J-Yard-L keys (which move left, downwardly, up, and right respectively) to navigate the file in command mode.
Vim
Vim is an extension of Vi and works in much the same manner, with a number of improvements. Only Vi is installed past default so to get the full features of Vim, install it with APT:
Yous tin can edit a file in Vim with vim somefile.txt.
Emacs
Emacs is a GNU command-line text editor; it'due south powerful, extensible, and customisable. You can install it with APT:
You lot can use keyboard combination commands, such every bit Ctrl + X Ctrl + S to save and Ctrl + X Ctrl + C to shut.
Linux Users
User management in Raspberry Pi OS is done on the command line. The default user is pi, and the password is raspberry. You lot can add users and alter each user's password.
Changing your Password
Once you're logged in as the pi user, it is highly advisable to use the passwd command to change the default password to improve your Raspberry Pi's security.
Enter passwd on the command line and press Enter. You'll be prompted to enter your current password to authenticate, and then asked for a new password. Press Enter on completion and you'll be asked to confirm it. Note that no characters volition exist displayed while inbound your password. In one case you've correctly confirmed your countersign, you'll exist shown a success bulletin (passwd: countersign updated successfully), and the new password volition apply immediately.
If your user has sudo permissions, you lot can change another user's password with passwd followed by the user's username. For example, sudo passwd bob volition allow you to fix the user bob's password, and and then some additional optional values for the user such as their name. Just press Enter to skip each of these options.
Remove a User'southward Password
You can remove the password for the user bob with sudo passwd bob -d. Without a countersign the user will not be able to login to a Terminal.
| Note | This is useful for users that demand to exist for organisation reasons, merely y'all don't want information technology to be possible to login to the account for security reasons. |
Creating a New User
You can create additional users on your Raspberry Pi OS installation with the adduser command.
Enter sudo adduser bob and you lot'll be prompted for a password for the new user bob. Go out this blank if you don't want a password.
Your Dwelling Folder
When you create a new user, they will take a domicile binder in /habitation/. The pi user's abode folder is at /home/pi/.
The skel Command
Upon creating a new user, the contents of /etc/skel/ volition be copied to the new user's abode folder. You can add or modify dot-files such every bit the .bashrc in /etc/skel/ to your requirements, and this version will be practical to new users.
Deleting a User
You tin delete a user on your system with the command userdel. Apply the -r flag to remove their home binder as well:
Root and Sudo
The Linux operating system is a multi-user operating arrangement which allows multiple users to log in and use the computer. To protect the computer (and the privacy of other users), the users' abilities are restricted.
Most users are allowed to run most programs, and to relieve and edit files stored in their ain abode binder. Normal users are not normally allowed to edit files in other users' folders or whatever of the system files. There's a special user in Linux known every bit the superuser, which is usually given the username root. The superuser has unrestricted access to the reckoner and tin can do almost anything.
The sudo Command
You won't commonly log into the computer every bit root, but you tin utilise the sudo command to provide admission as the superuser. If you log into your Raspberry Pi every bit the pi user, then you lot're logging in as a normal user. You lot can run commands as the root user by using the sudo control before the program you desire to run.
For example, if you want to install additional software on Raspberry Pi Os then you normally utilize the apt tool. To update the list of available software, you need to prefix the apt control with sudo:
sudo apt update
Y'all can also run a superuser beat out by using sudo su. When running commands as a superuser there's nothing to protect against mistakes that could damage the system. It's recommended that yous only run commands equally the superuser when required, and to exit a superuser crush when information technology'south no longer needed.
The Sudo'ers List
The default pi user on Raspberry Pi OS is a fellow member of the sudo grouping. This gives the ability to run commands equally root when preceded by sudo, and to switch to the root user with sudo su.
To add a new user to the sudo grouping, use the adduser command:
Note that the user bob volition be prompted to enter their password when they run sudo. This differs from the behaviour of the pi user, since pi is not prompted for their countersign. If you wish to remove the countersign prompt from the new user, create a custom sudoers file and identify it in the /etc/sudoers.d directory.
-
Create the file using
sudo visudo /etc/sudoers.d/010_bob-nopasswd. -
Insert the following contents on a single line:
bob ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL -
Salve the file and exit.
One time yous have exited the editor, the file will be checked for any syntax errors. If no errors were detected, the file will be saved and you will exist returned to the shell prompt. If errors were detected, you will exist asked 'what now?' Press the 'enter' key on your keyboard: this volition bring upwardly a list of options. You will probably want to utilise 'e' for '(e)dit sudoers file over again', so you lot tin edit the file and fix the problem.
| Note | Choosing option 'Q' will save the file with whatsoever syntax errors still in identify, which makes it incommunicable for any user to use the sudo control. |
| Note | It is standard practice on Linux to have the user prompted for their password when they run sudo, since it makes the system slightly more than secure. |
The `.bashrc ` File
In your home folder you will detect a hidden file called .bashrc which contains some user configuration options. Y'all can edit this file to conform your needs. Changes made in this file will be actioned the next time a last is opened, since that is when the .bashrc file is read.
If yous want your changes to accept place in your current terminal, you tin use either source ~/.bashrc or exec bash. These actually do slightly unlike things: the former simply re-executes the .bashrc file, which may result in undesirable changes to things like the path, the latter replaces the current shell with a new fustigate shell, which resets the shell back to the state at login, throwing away any shell variables y'all may take set. Cull whichever is most advisable.
Some useful adaptions are provided for you; some of these are commented out with a by default. To enable them, remove the and they will be agile adjacent time y'all boot your Raspberry Pi or showtime a new terminal.
For example, some ls aliases:
alias ls='ls --colour=car' #alias dir='dir --color=motorcar' #alias vdir='vdir --colour=auto' alias grep='grep --colour=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
Aliases like these are provided to help users of other systems like Microsoft Windows (dir is the ls of DOS/Windows). Others are to add colour to the output of commands like ls and grep by default.
More variations of ls are besides provided:
# some more ls aliases #alias ll='ls -l' #allonym la='ls -A' #alias l='ls -CF'
Ubuntu users may be familiar with these as they are provided by default on that distribution. Uncomment these lines to take admission to these aliases in future.
The .bash_aliases File
.bashrc as well contains a reference to a .bash_aliases file, which does not exist past default. Yous tin can add together it to provide a handy way of keeping all your aliases in a split file.
if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then . ~/.bash_aliases fi
The if statement hither checks the file exists before including it.
Then yous simply create the file .bash_aliases and add more aliases like and then:
You can add other things straight to this file, or to another and include that file like the .bash_aliases example to a higher place.
Shell Scripts
Commands can be combined together in a file which tin can then be executed. As an case, copy the following into your favourite text editor:
#!/usr/bin/bash while : do echo Raspberry Pi! done Save this with the name fun-script.
Before you lot can run it you must showtime brand it executable; this can be done by using the modify way command chmod. Each file and directory has its own fix of permissions that dictate what a user can and can't do to it. In this case, by running the command chmod +x fun-script, the file fun-script will now be executable.
Y'all can and then run it past typing ./fun-script (assuming that it's in your current directory).
This script infinitely loops and prints Raspberry Pi!; to stop information technology, press Ctrl + C. This kills whatsoever command that's currently being run in the terminal.
Scheduling Tasks with Cron
Cron is a tool for configuring scheduled tasks on Unix systems. It is used to schedule commands or scripts to run periodically and at stock-still intervals. Tasks range from bankroll upwardly the user's habitation folders every day at midnight, to logging CPU information every 60 minutes.
The command crontab (cron table) is used to edit the listing of scheduled tasks in operation, and is done on a per-user basis; each user (including root) has their own crontab.
Editing the crontab File
Run crontab with the -e flag to edit the cron table:
| Note | The first time you run crontab you lot'll be prompted to select an editor; if you are not sure which 1 to utilize, choose nano past pressing Enter. |
Adding a Scheduled Task
The layout for a cron entry is made upward of six components: minute, 60 minutes, day of month, calendar month of year, day of calendar week, and the control to exist executed.
# m h dom mon dow command
# * * * * * command to execute # ┬ ┬ ┬ ┬ ┬ # │ │ │ │ │ # │ │ │ │ │ # │ │ │ │ └───── day of calendar week (0 - 7) (0 to 6 are Sunday to Saturday, or employ names; seven is Sunday, the aforementioned as 0) # │ │ │ └────────── month (i - 12) # │ │ └─────────────── day of month (1 - 31) # │ └──────────────────── hour (0 - 23) # └───────────────────────── min (0 - 59)
For case:
0 0 * * * /home/pi/backup.sh
This cron entry would run the fill-in.sh script every twenty-four hours at midnight.
Viewing Scheduled Tasks
View your currently saved scheduled tasks with:
Erase scheduled tasks
Delete all currently scheduled tasks:
Running a Job on Reboot
To run a command every time the Raspberry Pi starts up, write @reboot instead of the time and date. For case:
@reboot python /habitation/pi/myscript.py
This will run your Python script every time the Raspberry Pi reboots. If you want your command to be run in the groundwork while the Raspberry Pi continues starting upward, add a space and & at the finish of the line, like this:
@reboot python /home/pi/myscript.py &
The systemd Daemon
In order to have a control or programme run when the Raspberry Pi boots, you lot tin add information technology equally a service. Once this is washed, you can commencement/finish enable/disable from the linux prompt.
Creating a Service
On your Raspberry Pi, create a .service file for your service, for instance: myscript.service
[Unit] Description=My service After=network.target [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 -u principal.py WorkingDirectory=/home/pi/myscript StandardOutput=inherit StandardError=inherit Restart=ever User=pi [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
Then in this case, the service would run Python 3 from our working directory /home/pi/myscript which contains our python program to run main.py. But you are not limited to Python programs: only change the ExecStart line to exist the command to start any program or script that you want running from booting.
Copy this file into /etc/systemd/system equally root, for case:
sudo cp myscript.service /etc/systemd/organization/myscript.service
Once this has been copied, yous accept to inform systemd that a new service has been added. This is done with the post-obit command:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
At present you tin attempt to kickoff the service using the post-obit command:
sudo systemctl kickoff myscript.service
Cease information technology using post-obit command:
sudo systemctl stop myscript.service
When you lot are happy that this starts and stops your app, y'all can have it start automatically on reboot by using this command:
sudo systemctl enable myscript.service
The systemctl command tin can also be used to restart the service or disable it from boot up.
| Note | The gild in which things are started is based on their dependencies — this detail script should start adequately late in the boot process, after a network is available (come across the Later department). Yous can configure dissimilar dependencies and orders based on your requirements. |
What Is the Login and Password for Raspberry Pi
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Source: https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/using_linux.html
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